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The intersections of measurement, practice, and research on teaching quality: Tradeoffs to consider

Abstract: Dr. Courtney Bell serves as the Director of the Wisconsin Center for Education Research (WCER) and Professor of Learning Sciences at the University of Wisconsin – Madison. A former high school science teacher, Courtney earned her doctorate at Michigan State University in Curriculum, Teaching and Educational Policy and a B.A. in Chemistry at Dartmouth College. Courtney is passionate about understanding and improving teaching for historically underserved children. Her interdisciplinary collaborative work is situated at the intersections of research, policy and practice. It spans issues of parental choice, performance assessments of teaching, international comparisons of teaching, teaching quality, teacher learning, teacher education, and the measurement of teaching. Courtney was proud to lead the international development of two observation systems and serve as a PI on the OECD-organized TALIS Video Study (also called the Global Teaching InSights study). This ground-breaking study was the first of its kind to comprehensively measure teaching quality using observations, artifacts, questionnaires, and student outcomes in eight economies. Courtney’s talk will use data from four studies of teaching quality that involve more than 8,000 teachers across continents.  She will show how teaching quality’s definition, operationalization, and use by practitioners present significant tradeoffs.  Researchers must be aware of and manage these tradeoffs if they are to make valid research claims and support the improvement of teaching.

ABSTRACT

While tracking is ubiquitous and well-documented in secondary education, limited evidence exists regarding cross-classroom clustering in American elementary schools. In this paper, we investigate the distribution of students across classrooms in North Carolina elementary schools. Consistent with qualitative evidence suggesting that educators seek to create demographically balanced classrooms, we find that students are distributed quite evenly across their schools’ classrooms based on race, ethnicity, and family economic background. However, we find that some schools create classrooms in which students are clustered based on their prior achievement as well as their eligibility for gifted education or special education services. This clustering is most prominent in large schools, schools with highly experienced teachers, and schools in which parents have a high degree of influence. This skills-based classroom clustering is associated within equalities in student access to high-quality teaching.

Emily Rauscher, Professor of Sociology at Brown University
Title: Priceless Benefits: Effects of School Spending onChild Mortality

Abstract:

The benefits of school spending go beyond academic and economic outcomes to improve child health and well-being. We use close school district tax elections (1995-2018), National Vital Statistics mortality data, and a regression discontinuity approach to estimate effects of a quasi-random increase in school spending on county-level child mortality. We find that increased school spending from passing a tax election reduces child mortality. Districts that narrowly passed a proposed tax increase spent an additional $262 per pupil, mostly on instruction and salaries, and had 4% lower child mortality after spending increased, equivalent to -3.6 fewer child deaths per 100,000 children for each $1,000 increase in spending per pupil. We replicate our study using progressive school finance reforms and county-level difference-in-differences analyses and find consistent results. Estimates predicting potential mechanisms suggest that lower child mortality partly reflects increases in the number of teachers and counselors, higher teacher salaries, and improved student engagement.